1. David Blankenhorn, "Let's Hear it for Fatherhood," Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1995.

2. Little Hoover Commission, The Juvenile Crime Challenge: Making Prevention a Priority, September 1994.

3. U.S. Commission on Interstate Child Support, "Supporting Our Children: A Blueprint for Reform," Report to Congress, U.S. Government Printing Office, n.d.

4. Thomas MaCurdy and Margaret O'Brien-Strain, Who Will be Affected by Welfare Reform in California? Public Policy Institute of California. 1997, p. xvi.

5. Ibid., p. 41

6. Leora Gershenzon, Directing Attorney, Child Support Project, National Center for Youth Law, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on October 31, 1996.

7. U.S. Census Bureau, Households, Families, and Children: A 30-year Perspective, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Current Populaton Reports, Population Characteristics, Series 23-181, p. 15, n.d.

8. MaCurdy, op. cit., p. 35.

9. U.S. Census Bureau, Child Support for Custodial Mothers and Fathers: 1991, by Lydia Scoon-Rogers and Gordon H. Lester, U. S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P60-187, August 1995.

10. Ibid.

11. U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Support Assurance: Effect of Applying State Guidelines to Determine Fathers' Payments, Report to the Secretary-designate of Health and Human Services, 1993, GAO/HRD-93-26.

12. California Department of Social Services, Statistical Services Bureau, Child Support Enforcement Program: A Characteristics Survey on The Social and Economic Characteristics of Families Receiving Child Support Enforcement Services During the Study Month of June 1993, Table 20.

13. U.S. Census Bureau, Households, Families, and Children: A 30-year Perspective, op. cit., p. 38.

14. Ibid.

15. Governor's Child Support Court Task Force Report, August 1995.

16. Elisabeth K. Kersten, Director, Senate Office of Research, "Teen Pregnancy and Parenting in California: Background," March 1995.

17. Shannon Dortch, "California's Next Decade," American Demographics, November 1995.

18. Ibid.

19. California Penal Code, Section 270 et seq.

20. Ibid.

21. Tom Corbett, "Child Support Assurance: Wisconsin Demonstration," Focus, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, Volume 9, No. 1, Spring 1986, pp. 1-5.

22. Governor's Budget Summary, 1997-98, pp. 98-99.

23. Section 402(a)(11) of the Social Security Act, 42 USC 602 (a)(11).

24. Guide to Administration and Conduct of a Coordinated Child Support Program by California Counties, State Social Welfare Board, Task Force on Absent Parent Child Support, September 1971, pp. 3-4.

25. U.S. Census Bureau, Households, Families, and Children: A 30-year Perspective, op. cit.

26. Michael Barber, in remarks to the Little Hoover Commission Child Support Advisory Committee, December 6, 1995.

27. Lawrence M. Mead, "Welfare Policy: The Administrative Frontier," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Volume 15, No. 4, 1996, pp. 587-600.

28. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, June 1992, p. 2.

29. U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Support Enforcement: Reorienting Management Toward Achieving Better Program Results, October 25, 1996 (HEHS/GGD-97-14).

30. Leslie L. Frye, Chief, Office of Child Support, California Department of Social Services, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on October 31, 1996.

31. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, loc. cit.

32. Legislative Analyst's Office, The 1992-93 Budget: Perspectives and Issues: Report from the Legislative Analyst's Office to the Joint Legislative Budget Committee.

33. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, op. cit.

34. Public Law 98-378.

35. Public Law 100-485.

36. Public Law 102-521.

37. Uniform Interstate Family Support Act, Section 466 (42 U.S.C. 666); Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193.

38. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, op. cit.

39. Ibid.

40. Governor's Budget, 1997-98.

41. Governor's Child Support Court Task Force Report, op. cit.

42. Ibid.

43. Chapter 957 (1995-1996); Section 259, California Code of Civil Procedure.

44. Gershenzon, op. cit.

45. California Judicial Council, Rule 1274, California Rules of Court, adopted March 1, 1991.

46. Robert Chandler, President, Coalition of Parent Support, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on January 24, 1996.

47. Charles Kobayashi, Presiding Judge, Family Law Division, Sacramento County Superior Court, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on October 31, 1996.

48. In re Marriage of Teri D. And Daniel T. Fini, 26 Cal.App. 4th 1033; 31 Cal. Rptr. 2d 747, July 1994.

49. Kobayashi, op. cit.

50. Charlene Depner, California Judicial Council, in comments to the Little Hoover Commission Child Support Advisory Committee, February 28, 1996.

51. Gershenzon, op. cit.

52. Children Now, California: The State of Our Children, 1996. Report Card '96 Supplement. Submitted in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, October 31, 1996 by the National Center for Youth Law.

53. National Center for Youth Law, "United States Child Support Performance, 1994 (Or How California's Child Support Program Rates)," from "Child Support Enforcement: Nineteenth Annual Report to Congress for the Period Ending September 30, 1994," U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement.

54. California District Attorney's Association and California Family Support Council, The Future of Child Support Enforcement in California, 1995.

55. Leslie L. Frye, Chief, Office of Child Support and Bill Walsh, Chief, Child Support Management Bureau, California Department of Social Services, "County Performance Indicators Pursuant to SB 606," memorandum to all IV-D directors, January 7, 1997. Director

56. Irwin Garfinkel, Cynthia Miller, Sara S. McLanahan, and Thomas L. Hanson, Deadbeat Dads or Inept States? A Comparison of Child Support Enforcement Systems. Columbia University School of Social Work and Princeton University, 1996, p. 23. Submitted in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, October 31, 1996 by the National Center for Youth Law.

57. Ibid.

58. Logicon, Inc., California Statewide Automated Child Support System: Quick Look Assessment Final Report, February 28, 1997.

59. California Department of Social Services, "Fact Sheets," n.d.

60. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, loc. cit., p. 1.

61. Marilyn Ray Smith, Chief Counsel Massachusetts Child Support Program, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on October 31, 1996.

62. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, loc. cit., p. 45.

63. Ibid., p. 24.

64. Ibid., p. 25.

65. California District Attorneys Association and California Family Support Council, op. cit.

66. Garfinkle, Miller, McLanahan and Hanson, op. cit., p. 23.

67. Ibid., p. 23.

68. Stephen Kennedy, Family Support Director, Monterey County, in an interview with the Little Hoover Commission staff, March 5, 1997.

69. Gil Garcetti and Wayne E. Doss, "Let Locals, Not State, Collect Child Support," letter to the editor, San Francisco Daily Journal, December 9, 1996.

70. The family support directors of several counties, including Fresno, San Luis Obispo, Alameda, San Francisco and Ventura credited automation for improvements in the child support program. The chief counsel of the Massachusetts Child Support Program testified that automation was the key to increasing collections in that state by 45% between 1991 and 1996.

71. Leslie L. Frye, Chief, Office of Child Support, Department of Social Services, letter to Wayne D. Doss, Director, Bureau of Family Support Operations, Los Angeles County, February 25, 1997, and memo to all IV-D directors, February 26, 1997.

72. Russell Bohart, Director, Health and Welfare Data Center, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on October 31, 1996.

73. Leslie L. Frye, Chief, Office of Child Support, California Department of Social Services, in comments to the Little Hoover Commission Advisory Committee on Child Support, January 10, 1996.

74. Dick Williams, Family Support Director, Scramento County District Attorney's Office, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, October 31, 1996.

75. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, op. cit.

76. U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Support Enforcement: Reorienting Management Toward Achieving Better Program Results, op. cit.

77. Chapter 1151, Section 1, Statutes of 1983.

78. Frye, October 31, 1996, op. cit.

79. National Center for Youth Law, "Assessing the County Child Support Performance Reviews," February 1996.

80. "Performance Review Report, Contra Costa County Family Support Division, Review Period July 1, 1995 - April 30, 1996, September 23, 1996.

81. Legislative Analyst's Office, Highlights of the 1997-98 Budget Analysis, pp. 53-56, February 19, 1997.

82. National Center for Youth Law, op. cit.

83. "Performance Review Report, Los Angeles County Bureau of Family Support Operations. Review Period: July 1, 1995-April 30, 1996," September 1996.

84. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Management Information System, Annual Report (1994-1995), Table 9.

85. Stan Trom, Family Support Director, Ventura County, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, January 24, 1997.

86. Legislative Analyst's Office, Highlights of the 1997-98 Budget Analysis, op. cit.

87. Frye, October 31, 1996, op. cit.

88. Gershenzon, op. cit.

89. Rolando Villarama, Assistant Chief, Child Support Improvement Bureau, California Department of General Services, interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, April 16, 1997.

90. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Audit Report No. CA-90-RSR, July 31, 1996.

91. Geraldine Jensen, national president, The Association for Children for Enforcement of Support (ACES), in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on January 24, 1996.

92. Phil Lowe, Family Support Director, San Luis Obispo County, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, January 22, 1997.

93. Ann Barkley, Director, Non-Tax Debt Collections Bureau, Franchise Tax Board, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on October 31, 1996.

94. Ibid.

95. Maureen Lenahan, Family Support Director, Alameda County, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, February 3, 1997.

96. Kris Reiman, Family Support Administrator, Merced County, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff on January 23, 1997.

97. Smith, op. cit.

98. Edward Mizrahi, Chief Deputy, Prosecuting Division, Los Angeles County Attorney, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, March 10, 1997.

99. Jensen, op. cit.

100. Janet Reno, U.S. Attorney General, in an interview published in Child Support Report, September 1996, a publication of the U.S. Office of Child Support Enforcement.

101. Trom, op. cit.

102. California District Attorney's Association and California Family Support Council, op. cit.

103. U.S. Commission on Interstate Child Support, op. cit, p. xxiv.

104. Smith, op. cit.

105. Stan Trom, Family Support Director, Ventura County, letter to Leslie L. Frye, Chief, Office of Child Support, Department of Social Services and Russ Bohart, Director, Health and Welfare Agency Data Center, January 13, 1997.

106. Logicon, Inc., op. cit.

107. Edwina Young, Director, Family Support Bureau, San Francisco County, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, February 3, 1997.

108. Leslie L. Frye, Chief, Office of Child Support, California Department of Social Services, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on January 24, 1996.

109. Bohart, op. cit.

110. Ibid.

111. Michele Snyder, Driver Licensing Policy Branch, Department of Motor Vehicles, memorandum to Gary Padilla, Child Management Bureau, Department of Social Services, January 30, 1997; Jan Honey, Chief, Driver Licensing Policy Branch, Department of Motor Vehicles, memorandum to Department of Social Services, Child Support Management Bureau, attention Gary Padilla, February 10, 1997; Michele Snyder and Gale Severns, Department of Motor Vehicles, interviews with Little Hoover Commission staff, February and March, 1997.

112. California Welfare and Institutions Code Section 11478.2(f)(1).

113. '

114. Frye, October 31, 1996, op. cit.

115. Ibid.

116. California Department of Social Services, Statistical Services Bureau, Child Support Enforcement Program: A Characteristics Survey on The Social and Economic Characteristics of Families Receiving Child Support Enforcement Services During the Study Month of June 1993.

117. California Department of Social Services, "Letter to All IV-D Directors; All District Attorneys, Subject: Performance Standards Model -- Tier II," January 17, 1997.

118. Lowe, op. cit.

119. Wayne Doss, Director, Bureau of Family Support, Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, January 24, 1996.

120. Marilyn Ray Smith, Chief Counsel, Masachusetts Child Support Program, in an interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, February 18, 1997.

121. U.S. Census Bureau, Households, Families, and Children: A 30-year Perspective, op. cit.

122. Maureen Pirog-Good and David H. Good, "Child Support Enforcement for Teenage Fathers: Problems and Prospects," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Volume 14, pp. 25-42, 1995.

123. Theodora Ooms and Todd Owen, "Encouraging Unwed Fathers to be Responsible: Paternity Establishment, Child Support, and JOBS Strategies," Family Impact Seminars, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Research and Education Foundation, 1990.

124. California Department of Social Services, Child Support Enforcement Program, Vision for Excellence, loc. cit.

125. Gershenzon, op. cit.

126. J.A. Seltzer, "Relationships Between Fathers and Children Who Live Apart: The Father's Role After Separation," Journal of Marriage and the Family, Volume 53 (1), pp. 79-101; R.I. Lerman, "Unwed Fathers: Who Are They?" The American Enterprise, Volume 4 (5), pp. 32-35.

127. Blankenhorn, op. cit.

128. Mizrahi, op. cit.

129. Smith, October 31, 1996, op. cit.

130. Irvin Garfinkel, "Bringing Fathers Back In: the Child Support Assurance Strategy," The American Prospect, Spring 1992.

131. Jim Hennessey, "Welfare Reform: A State Perspective," Child Support Report, U.S. Office of Child Support Enforcement, November 1996.

132. Smith, October 31, 1996, op. cit.

133. Garkinkel, Miller, McLanahan and Hanson, op. cit.