1. California Constitution, Article I, Section I.

2. California Department of Corrections, Five-Year Master Plan, 1996-2001, June 17, 1996. And, Craig Brown, Department of Finance, California Department of Corrections, A Performance Review, June 1996.

3. In California's prisons in September 1997, those serving life without the possibility of parole represented 1.2 percent of the inmate population. Those serving life with the possibility of parole represented 9.9 percent of the inmate population. Those inmates on death row represented 0.3 percent of the inmate population.

4. California Department of Corrections, Fall 1997 Population Projections, 1998-2003, Tables 8, 9, 10 and 11.

5. CDC, population forecasting unit and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1995.

6. In California's prisons in September 1997, those serving life without the possibility of parole represented 1.2 percent of the inmate population. Those serving life with the possibility of parole represented 9.9 percent of the inmate population. Those inmates on death row represented 0.3 percent of the inmate population.

7. Board of Corrections Jail Profile. The probation numbers were reported in Crime and Delinquency, and presented to the Commission in testimony by Grover Trask.

8. Governor's budget, Executive Summary, 1997-98.

9. Department of Justice, Crime and Delinquency 1996, presented in testimony to the Commission by Grover Trask.

10. Joe Sandoval, then Secretary of the Youth and Adult Correctional Agency, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on June 26, 1997.

11. The Board of Corrections reports 1.2 million bookings annually. Crime and Delinquency reports that county probation and jails comprise 360,000 and CDC's prison and parole population is 260,000.

12. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1996, June 1997, NCJ-164619.

13. Ibid.

14. Camille Graham Camp and George M. Camp, The Corrections Yearbook 1996, Criminal Justice Institute, South Salem, NY. 1996.

15. Board of Corrections Jail Survey and conversations with board staff.

16. California Department of Corrections, Fall 1997 Population Projections, 1998-2003.

17. Board of Corrections, op cit.

18. California Department of Corrections, Five-Year Facilities Master Plan, 1996-2001, June 19, 1996, page 1-2.

19. California Department of Corrections, Fall 1997 Population Projections, 1998-2003.

20. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1995, June 1996, Table 5.10a. Louisiana had slightly more returning parolees than new court commitments. Hawaii had 781 court commitments and 1,022 returning parolees.

21. Department of Corrections, New Prison Construction Program, to Ad-Hoc Business Advisory Group on Corrections, March 11, 1996.

22. Camp, op cit., page 44.

23. Department of Finance, Performance Review on Capital Outlay of Department of Corrections, June 10, 1996. Data is based on Corcoran II prison, contained in Appendix G of report.

24. CDC master plan, op cit.

25. Craig Brown, Director, Department of Finance, Capital Outlay & Infrastructure Report, 1997.

26. California Department of Finance, Capital Outlay and Infrastructure Report, 1997.

27. Department of Corrections, Existing Facilities Five Year Plan, 1998-2003, August 1, 1997.

28. Testimony of Grover Trask, page 30.

29. Legislative Analyst, The 1997-98 Budget: Perspectives and Issues.

30. Federal Bureau of Prisons.

31. Sue Cullen, president of the California Probation, Parole and Correctional Association, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, June 26, 1997 in Sacramento.

32. Blue Ribbon Commission, page 4.

33. Grover Trask, District Attorney of Riverside County and chairman of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Inmate Population Management, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on September 25, 1997.

34. Blue Ribbon Commission page 4.

35. Trask, op cit.

36. California Corrections Policy Development Project, Corrections 2000 Policies for the Future, May 1992.

37. Corrections 2000, Appendix: Significant Contributing Factors.

38. Franklin Zimring, professor of law, Earl Warren Legal Institute, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, June 26, 1997 in Sacramento.

39. California Correctional Peace Officers Association, Meeting the Challenge of Affordable Prisons, 1996.

40. California Department of Corrections, Fall 1997 Population Projections, November 1997. CDC bases incarceration rates on percentage of the "at risk" population -- that is, between the ages of 18 and 49. The U.S. Department of Justice incarceration rates that are used to compare California to other states in the Background of this report are based on the entire population.

41. Edward L. Rubin, professor of law, University of California, Berkeley, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, June 26, 1997.

42. Zimring, op cit.

43. Zimring, op cit.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Joan Petersilia, "The Value of Corrections Research: Learning What Works," Federal Probation, June 1991, Vol. LV, No. 2, page 24.

47. Penal Code Section 13823.

48. Zimring, op cit.

49. Trask, op cit, page 12.

50. Nick Warner, legislative representative, California State Association of Counties, in a letter to the Little Hoover Commission, September 24, 1997.

51. California Department of Corrections

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. Marcus Nieto, The Changing Role of Probation in California's Criminal Justice System, California Research Bureau, July 1996.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. Board of Corrections, Jail Profile Survey 1996, First Annual Report.

59. Judge Gary E. Ransom, Sacramento County Superior Court, interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, October 21, 1997.

60. Joan Petersilia, "Diverting Nonviolent Prisoners to Intermediate Sanctions: The Impact on Prison Admissions and Corrections Costs," Minimizing Harm as a Goal for Crime Policy in California, California Policy Seminar, 1997; Marcus Nieto, remarks in the Prison Issues Advisory Committee meeting, August 13, 1997.

61. Petersilia, op. cit.

62. Legislative Analyst's Office, Addressing the State's Long-Term Inmate Population Growth, May 20, 1997.

63. Marcus Nieto, remarks in the Prison Issues Advisory Committee meeting, August 13, 1997.

64. Pierre S. du Pont IV, "Expanding Sentencing Options: A Governor's Perspective," National Institute of Justice, January 1985.

65. Michael Tonry, Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines, National Institute of Justice, May 1997.

66. The National Committee on Community Corrections, A Proposal for Action, 1993.

67. Joan Petersilia, "Justice for All? Offenders with Mental Retardation and the California Corrections System," August 1997.

68. Blue Ribbon Commission on Inmate Population Management, Final Report, January 1990.

69. Joe Sandoval, Secretary, Youth and Adult Corrections Agency, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, June 26, 1997.

70. Meeting the Challenge of Affordable Prisons, California Correctional Peace Officers Association, n.d.

71. Judge Thomas Campbell, Ventura County Superior Court, interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, September 5, 1997.

72. The article most cited is Martinson, R., "What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform," The Public Interest, 35:22-54, 1974. That article was a summary of the more comprehensive survey by Lipton, D.S., Martinson, R., and Wilks, J. The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974.

73. Penal Code 1170(2).

74. Penal Code 1170 (2)

75. Penal Code Section 2053.1.

76. The work credits are provided for under Penal Code Secton 2933. The limitations were contained in AB 971 and AB 2716.

77. California Department of Corrections, "Work Incentive Statistics," October 1997.

78. Ibid.

79. Kathleen Connell, California State Controller, Fiscal Survey of the California Department of Corrections, July 1997; Thomas Maddock, then undersecretary, Youth and Adult Correctional Agency, in a letter to the Little Hoover Commission, September 1997.

80. California Department of Corrections," Work Incentive Statistics," op.cit.

81. Thomas Maddock, then Undersecretary, Youth and Adult Correctional Agency, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, August 28, 1997.

82. Joe Sandoval, then secretary of the Youth and Adult Correctional Agency, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, on June 26, 1997.

83. Maddock, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, op. cit.

84. Jennifer Wynn, acting supervisor of correctional education programs, North Kern State Prison, in an interview with Commission staff.

85. Interviews with CDC staff.

86. Douglas Lipton, senior research fellow, National Development and Research Institute, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, September 25, 1997.

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Rod Mullen, Mark Schuettinger, Naya Arbiter and David Conn, "Reducing Recidivism: Amity Foundation of California and the California Department of Corrections Demonstrate How To Do It," in Frontiers of Justice: Volume II, Biddle Publishing Company, 1997.

90. Ibid.

91. Legislative Analyst's Office, "Addressing the State's Long-Term Inmate Population Growth," op. cit.

92. Mullen, et al., op. cit.

93. Lipton op. cit.

94. Lipton op. cit.

95. Maddock, letter of September 1997, op. cit.

96. Bill analysis dated July 7, 1997 on Senate Bill 1089 as amended July 2, 1997, Assembly Committee on Public Safety, 1997-1998 legislative session.

97. California Department of Corrections, "Supervised Parole," April 1994.

98. "Prisoners in 1995," Table 5.10a. "Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1995," Correctional Populations in the United States, 1995, U.S. Department of Justice.

99. Legislative Analyst's Office, Addressing the State's Long-Term Inmate Population Growth, May 20, 1997.

100. California Department of Corrections, Parole and Community Services Division, "Finger Tip Facts on Parole 1996-97, revised March 1997.

101. Robert Meeks, Assistant Deputy Director, California Department of Corrections, Parole and Community Services Division, interview with Little Hoover Commission staff, September 19, 1997.

102. Penal Code section 3074.

103. Lesley Cummings, Assistant Deputy Director of the Three Strikes Planning Office, California Department of Corrections, remarks at the Prison Issues Advisory Committee meeting, August 13, 1997.

104. Shel Weissman, program director, Jobs Plus Program, "A Legislative Proposal to Reduce Costs of Imprisonment, Project Rebound," n.d.

105. Shel Weissman, Jobs Plus Program, Executive Summary, July 1, 1996 - June 30, 1997.

106. California Correctional Peace Officers Association, op. cit.

107. Based on interviews with CDC statistical staff.

108. CDC, Fall 1997 Population Forecast, and previous editions of the same document.

109. CDC, Fall Population Projections, op cit.

110. Department of Finance, Performance Review, op cit.

111. Governor's budgets, for fiscal years 1994-95 through 1997-98.

112. Tom Maddock, then interim director of the Department of Corrections, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on September 25, 1997.

113. California Department of Finance, Performance Review Unit, California Department of Corrections, June 1996. Auditor General of California, An Audit of the California Department of Corrections' Construction of San Diego Prison, 1989. And, David Ashley and Melvin Ramy, California Prison Capital Cost Reduction Study, Prepared for the University of California, Office of the President.

114. Little Hoover Commission Prison Issues Advisory Committee.

115. Marvin Weibe, vice president, Cornell Corrections, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, August 28, 1997.

116. Dale K. Sechrest and David Shicor, professors, California State University, San Bernardino, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on August 28, 1997.

117. Donald F. Kettl, "The Myths, Realities and Challenges of Privatization," Revitalizing State and Local Public Service, page 247.

118. General Accounting Office, PRIVATIZATION: Lessons Learned by State and Local Governments, March 1997, GAO/GGD-97-48.

119. Kettl, op cit.

120. Frank Thomas, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on August 28, 1997, pages 41 and 42.

121. Donahue, J.D. The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means, New York: Basic Books 1989, as quoted in Kettl.

122. Kettl, op cit.

123. Thomas testimony.

124. Charles Thomas, Private Adult Correctional Facility Census, Tenth Edition, Private Corrections Project, Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, March 15, 1997.

125. J. Clark Kelso, The Civil Service Requirement After Professional Engineers and Its Impact on Selected Bills (SB 640-Polanco; SB 818-Polanco; SB 479-Alpert; SB 648-Burton; SB 991-Calderon; AB 1471-Pacheco), Institute for Legislative Practice, McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific.

126. U.S. General Accounting Office, Private and Public Prisons: Studies Comparing Operational Costs and/or Quality of Service, August 1996.

127. William G. Archambeault and Donald R. Deis, Jr., Cost Effectiveness Comparisons of Private Versus Public Prisons in Louisiana: A Comprehensive Analysis of Allen, Avoyelles, and Winn Correctional Centers., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, December 19, 1996.

128. Maddock, testimony, op cit.

129. California Department of Corrections, Master Plan, 1996-2001. Executive Summary, page 1.

130. Testimony of Wayne Calabrese to the Little Hoover Commission on August 28, 1997.

131. Marvin Weibe, vice president of Cornell Corrections, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission on August 28, 1997.

132. Weibe, op. cit.